Leucine: Leucine contributes to the process of muscular hypertrophy, which involves an increase in the size of individual muscle fibres. By activating the mTOR signalling pathway, leucine helps promote the growth and development of muscle tissue. Leucine is a key stimulator of muscle protein synthesis, the process by which the body builds new proteins, including muscle tissue. This is particularly important for individuals engaged in resistance training or seeking to build and maintain muscle mass.

Isoleucine: Isoleucine is involved in the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. It works synergistically with leucine to support the growth and repair of muscle tissue, making it essential for individuals engaged in resistance training or seeking to maintain muscle mass.

Threonine: Threonine is a key component in the synthesis of proteins. It is incorporated into the structure of proteins during the process of translation, contributing to the formation of various tissues, enzymes, and structural proteins in the body. This is essential for overall growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues, including muscles.

Serine: Serine is involved in the synthesis of proteins, contributing to the structure and function of various proteins in the body. This is essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues, including muscles and organs.

Glutamic Acid: Glutamic acid is a non-essential amino acid that contributes to the synthesis of proteins. While the body can produce glutamic acid, it is an important component of many proteins, and its availability is crucial for the growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues.

Valine: Valine is involved in the process of muscle protein synthesis, contributing to the growth and repair of muscle tissue. This is particularly important for individuals engaged in resistance training or those looking to build and maintain muscle mass.

Phenylalanine: Phenylalanine is a building block for proteins, contributing to the synthesis of various proteins in the body. Proteins are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of tissues, enzymes, and other biological molecules.

Methionine: Methionine is a fundamental building block for protein synthesis. It is crucial for the formation of proteins, which play essential roles in the structure, function, and regulation of various tissues, enzymes, and other biological molecules.

Lysine: Lysine is a crucial component in the synthesis of proteins. It is involved in the formation of peptide bonds, contributing to the structure and function of various proteins in the body. Adequate lysine is essential for overall growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues, including muscles.

Arginine: Arginine is important for spermatogenesis, the process of sperm production. It plays a role in maintaining the health and function of the male reproductive system. Some studies suggest that arginine supplementation may have a positive impact on sperm quality.

Aspartic Acid: Aspartic acid has been suggested to play a role in the production of testosterone, a key male sex hormone. Some studies have explored its potential to stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn can signal the testes to produce more testosterone. However, the evidence is not consistent across all studies.

Tyrosine: Tyrosine is a key component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism and overall energy balance in the body. Some studies suggest that tyrosine may play a role in the release of growth hormone. Growth hormone is important for growth, development, and the maintenance of various tissues, including muscle tissue.

Arginine: Arginine is a precursor to several hormones, including growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon. It plays a role in the regulation of these hormones, which are involved in growth, metabolism, and energy balance.

Tyrosine: Tyrosine has been studied for its potential to enhance cognitive function and mental performance, especially during periods of stress or fatigue. It is involved in the production of neurotransmitters that play a role in alertness, focus, and memory.

Tryptophan: Tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in mood regulation. Adequate tryptophan levels can contribute to the synthesis of serotonin, which is associated with feelings of well-being and can have a positive impact on mood.

Phenylalanine: Phenylalanine is a precursor to the neurotransmitter tyrosine, which, in turn, contributes to the synthesis of dopamine. Dopamine is involved in reward and pleasure pathways in the brain. Maintaining proper levels of phenylalanine supports the balance of neurotransmitters and may influence mood and overall mental well-being.

Glycine: Glycine functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It can have calming effects on the brain and may act as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood and sleep. Some research suggests that glycine supplementation may have a positive impact on sleep quality.

Tryptophan: Tryptophan is also a precursor to melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin helps promote relaxation and contributes to the maintenance of a healthy sleep pattern. Adequate tryptophan intake may support the body's natural production of melatonin.

Isoleucine: Isoleucine plays a role in supporting the immune system. Isoleucine is involved in the production of antibodies and helps maintain the overall health and function of the immune system.

Aspartic Acid: Aspartic acid, like other amino acids, is involved in supporting the immune system. It plays a role in the synthesis of immunoglobulins, which are antibodies that help the body defend against infections and foreign substances.

Serine: Serine plays a role in the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins, which are critical components of the immune system. Adequate serine is necessary for the proper functioning of the immune response against infections and foreign substances.

Glutamic Acid: Glutamic acid is involved in the synthesis of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that plays a key role in supporting the immune system. Glutathione helps protect cells from oxidative stress and supports the proper functioning of immune cells.

Alanine: Alanine is a component of antibodies, which play a key role in the immune system's defense against infections and foreign substances. Adequate alanine levels are important for the synthesis of these immune system proteins.

Valine: Valine is involved in the synthesis of antibodies, which are critical components of the immune system. Antibodies help defend the body against infections and foreign substances, contributing to overall immune system function.

Cysteine: Cysteine is a crucial component in the synthesis of glutathione, one of the body's most potent antioxidants. Glutathione helps neutralize free radicals and plays a key role in protecting cells from oxidative stress. This antioxidant activity contributes to overall health and may have implications for reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Aspartic Acid: Aspartic acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), which is a critical part of cellular respiration. This cycle contributes to the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells. As a result, aspartic acid plays a role in energy production and metabolism.

Alanine: Alanine can be converted into pyruvate, a compound that plays a crucial role in energy production. In the context of muscle metabolism, alanine can serve as a source of energy during exercise by being converted into pyruvate and entering the energy-producing pathways.

Glutamic Acid: Glutamic acid is a precursor to alpha-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a crucial part of cellular respiration, contributing to the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of cells.

Histidine: Histidine is involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters in the brain, including histamine and carnosine. Carnosine is believed to have neuroprotective properties and may contribute to cognitive function and brain health.

Lysine: Lysine is involved in the synthesis of carnitine, a compound essential for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are used for energy production. Adequate lysine levels support efficient energy metabolism.

Valine: Valine, along with other BCAAs, can potentially influence neurotransmitter synthesis in the brain. While the research in this area is ongoing, some studies suggest that BCAAs, including valine, may have a role in supporting cognitive function and mental performance. Valine can be converted into glucose in the liver through a process called gluconeogenesis. During prolonged exercise or periods of fasting, valine can provide an additional energy source by being converted into glucose, supporting overall energy production.

Leucine: Leucine has been associated with improved insulin sensitivity, potentially helping to regulate blood sugar levels. This can be beneficial for overall metabolic health and may play a role in reducing the risk of insulin resistance. Some research suggests that leucine may contribute to satiety and the regulation of appetite. This can be relevant for individuals looking to manage body weight and composition, as a feeling of fullness may help with dietary control.

Isoleucine: Isoleucine, along with other BCAAs, has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of blood sugar levels. It may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake by cells, potentially benefiting individuals concerned with metabolic health.

Threonine: Threonine is involved in the metabolism of fats by contributing to the synthesis of phospholipids. Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes and are crucial for the transport and utilisation of fats in the body.